While cow’s milk is a staple in many households worldwide, various cultures enjoy milk from different animals. Here are seven unusual animal milks that you may not have encountered before:

1. Camel Milk
   • Where it’s found: Middle East and parts of Africa.
   • Nutritional benefits: Rich in vitamins (like vitamin C) and minerals (such as iron). Camel milk has a slightly salty taste and remains fresh longer in hot climates. It’s believed to aid digestion and boost the immune system.
2. Donkey Milk
   • Where it’s found: Used since ancient times in various regions.
   • Nutritional benefits: Similar in composition to human breast milk, making it gentle on the stomach. It’s also known for its skin benefits and is often used in cosmetics. People allergic to cow’s milk sometimes use donkey milk as an alternative.
3. Yak Milk
   • Where it’s found: High mountains of Tibet and Central Asia.
   • Nutritional benefits: Rich and creamy with a high-fat content. Yak milk is transformed into butter, cheese, and yogurt, providing essential energy and nutrients for those living in harsh mountainous conditions.
4. Reindeer Milk
   • Where it’s found: Arctic regions, herded by indigenous peoples.
   • Nutritional benefits: Very high in fat (up to 22%), reindeer milk helps keep people warm and energized in cold climates. It’s thicker than cow’s milk and serves as a vital nutrition source in places like Siberia.
5. Buffalo Milk
   • Where it’s found: South Asian countries like India and Pakistan.
   • Nutritional benefits: Contains more fat and protein than cow’s milk, making it creamier and richer. Buffalo milk is used to make mozzarella cheese, various desserts, and traditional dishes.
6. Horse Milk
   • Where it’s found: Parts of Central Asia.
   • Nutritional benefits: Known as mare’s milk, it’s lower in fat and has a sweet, watery taste. Fermented to create a drink called kumis, it has a slight alcohol content and has been a refreshing choice for nomadic peoples for centuries.
7. Moose Milk
   • Where it’s found: Some regions of Russia and Sweden.
   • Nutritional benefits: Moose milk is rich in fat and nutrients, but it’s rare because moose are typically wild. Some farms have tamed moose for milking. It’s occasionally used for medicinal purposes to aid recovery from illnesses.

These unique milks offer a glimpse into the diverse ways different cultures utilize animal resources and highlight the nutritional benefits specific to their environments.

Breast pain, also known as mastalgia, is a common experience that can affect many people. It can range from mild discomfort to severe pain and may be temporary or persistent. Understanding the types and causes of breast pain can help alleviate concerns and determine when to seek medical attention.

What is Breast Pain?

Breast pain is characterized by discomfort, tenderness, or pain in one or both breasts. It can manifest in various ways, including aching, burning, or sharp sensations.

Types of Breast Pain

1. Cyclic Breast Pain
   • Linked to hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle.
   • Typically occurs in both breasts, often starting one to two weeks before menstruation and subsiding after it ends.
2. Noncyclic Breast Pain
   • Not associated with the menstrual cycle and can feel tight, burning, or sharp.
   • May occur in one breast or a specific area, often due to injury, previous surgery, or breast conditions.
3. Chest Wall Pain
   • Sometimes, the pain perceived in the breast may actually originate from the chest muscles or bones due to strain, inflammation, or injury.

Common Causes of Breast Pain

1. Hormonal Changes
   • Fluctuations during puberty, pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menopause can lead to breast discomfort.
2. Infections
   • Mastitis, an infection in the breast tissue, can cause pain, swelling, warmth, and redness. It’s more common in breastfeeding women but can occur at other times as well.
3. Breast Cysts
   • Fluid-filled sacs that can be tender or painful, varying in size and sometimes resembling lumps.
4. Medications
   • Certain medications, such as hormone treatments, antidepressants, and some heart medications, may cause breast pain as a side effect.
5. Large Breasts
   • The extra weight of large breasts can lead to strain on the chest and back muscles, resulting in pain.

When to See a Doctor

Consider consulting a healthcare provider if you experience:

• Persistent pain that worsens over time.
• New lumps or changes in the breast.
• Redness, swelling, or warmth in the breast.
• Discharge from the nipple.
• Pain that interferes with daily activities.

Being proactive about your health and seeking guidance when needed is essential for addressing breast pain and ensuring overall well-being

Malaria, a deadly disease transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, is a significant health challenge primarily in Africa. Eradicating this disease could save countless lives and improve public health across the continent.

In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 249 million malaria cases and 619,000 deaths globally, with Africa accounting for 94% of cases and 96% of deaths. To achieve malaria-free status, countries must meet specific WHO criteria, including reporting zero indigenous malaria cases for three consecutive years and demonstrating the capacity to prevent the disease’s reintroduction.

COUNTRIES THAT HAVE ACHIEVED MALARIA-FREE STATUS

1. Morocco
   • Certified malaria-free by WHO in 2010, Morocco’s success is attributed to effective health interventions, including mosquito control, surveillance, and prompt treatment. The government’s strong commitment to public health led to significant reductions in transmission by the late 1960s.
2. Algeria
   • Achieving malaria-free status in 2019, Algeria’s journey began with the first malaria parasite discovery in 1880. Investment in healthcare systems, public education, and early detection and treatment were key to this milestone.
3. Seychelles
   • This Indian Ocean archipelago has been malaria-free since 2012. Its geographical isolation has reduced the risk of transmission, allowing for more manageable mosquito control efforts.
4. Mauritius
   • Once plagued by malaria in the 1940s, Mauritius implemented aggressive control measures, including mosquito campaigns and medical interventions, leading to its malaria-free declaration in 1973.
5. Egypt
   • In October 2024, Egypt was officially certified malaria-free by the WHO, marking a historic milestone. It became the third nation in the Eastern Mediterranean Region to receive this certification, following Morocco and the UAE.
6. Cape Verde
   • In January 2024, Cape Verde was declared malaria-free by the WHO, becoming the third African nation to achieve this status after Algeria and Mauritius.

A HOPE FOR THE FUTURE

As we celebrate these achievements, there is hope that many more African countries will follow suit in eradicating this deadly disease. Continued investment in healthcare, education, and public health initiatives is essential to sustain these efforts and protect future generations from the impact of malaria.

Each language carries stories from the past, traditions, and unique perspectives on the world. Sadly, many of these languages are fading away, taking with them invaluable cultural heritage. Imagine if your own language started to disappear, along with the tales and customs you cherish. Here, we explore seven languages that are slowly dying out.

1. CHAMICURO

Chamicuro is spoken in a small region of Peru, with fewer than ten fluent speakers today. The younger generation increasingly prefers Spanish, leaving Chamicuro behind. Although efforts are being made to document it, time is running out.

2. DUMI

Originating from the hills of Nepal, Dumi is now spoken by only a handful of elderly individuals. The rugged terrain has historically isolated Dumi speakers, but modernisation is prompting younger generations to migrate to cities and adopt more prevalent languages, leading to Dumi’s decline.

3. ONGOTA

In Ethiopia, Ongota is the language of a small tribe near the Omo River, with fewer than a dozen speakers remaining. As the community shifts to a neighbouring language for daily communication, Ongota faces the risk of extinction, particularly as elders pass away without teaching it to the next generation.

4. LIKI

Found on a tiny island in Indonesia, Liki has seen its number of speakers diminish due to natural disasters and migration. As the community integrates with others, Liki’s unique sounds and words may soon be lost if preservation efforts are not implemented.

5. TANEMA

On the Solomon Islands, Tanema is nearly silent, with only one known speaker left. This language contains the island’s history and myths. Without someone to pass it on, these stories risk vanishing forever, making it crucial to document Tanema before it’s too late.

6. NJEREP

Njerep, from Cameroon, has only a few elderly speakers left and is rarely used. Younger community members are gravitating towards more dominant languages, illustrating the struggles smaller languages face amid globalisation.

7. CHEMEHUEVI

Once spoken by indigenous tribes in California and Arizona, Chemehuevi is undergoing revival efforts, but speakers remain scarce. The language’s survival depends on committed initiatives to preserve its unique cultural significance.

CONCLUSION

When a language dies, we lose a piece of human heritage, akin to losing a precious book that can never be read again. It’s essential to recognise the value of these languages and support efforts to preserve them, ensuring that future generations can inherit the rich tapestry of human culture

Have you ever looked down and noticed your urine looks different than usual? Changes in urine colour can be surprising, but many factors contribute to this phenomenon, and most are not serious. Here’s a guide to understanding why urine changes colour and when to seek medical advice.

Why Does Urine Change Colour?

Urine is the body’s way of eliminating excess water and waste. Normally, it appears yellow due to a pigment called urochrome. The intensity of the yellow hue depends largely on your hydration levels:

• Well-hydrated: Light yellow or almost clear.
• Dehydrated: Dark yellow or amber.

However, urine can take on other colours for various reasons.

Common Causes of Urine Colour Changes

1. Dehydration
   When you’re dehydrated, your urine becomes more concentrated, leading to a darker yellow shade. If this happens, it’s a sign to increase your fluid intake.
2. Foods and Drinks
   Certain foods can alter urine colour:
   • Beets and Berries: Can turn urine pink or red.
   • Carrots: May give urine an orange tint.
   • Asparagus: Can cause a greenish hue and a strong smell.
3. Medications and Vitamins
   Some medications and vitamin supplements can change urine colour:
   • Vitamin B: Bright yellow or neon yellow.
   • Antibiotics: Reddish-orange urine.
   • Pain Relievers and Antidepressants: May cause blue or green urine.
4. Medical Conditions
   Colour changes can sometimes indicate health issues:
   • Blood in Urine (Hematuria): Pink, red, or cola-coloured urine can signal urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, or other conditions.
   • Liver Problems: Dark brown urine may indicate liver disease, especially if accompanied by pale stools and jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).
   • UTIs: Cloudy or murky urine may indicate an infection, especially if accompanied by a burning sensation during urination.

When to See a Doctor

If you notice unusual urine colour that isn’t linked to something you ate or a medication, consider consulting a doctor. Watch for additional symptoms, including:

• Pain: When urinating or pain in the back or sides.
• Frequent Urination: Needing to urinate more often than usual.
• Fever or Chills: Possible signs of an infection.
• Swelling: In the face, hands, or feet.

Your doctor can run tests to identify any underlying issues and provide appropriate treatment. Remember, staying hydrated and paying attention to changes in your body can help maintain your overall health.

According to Forbes, the Kuwaiti dinar (KWD) is the most valuable currency globally, surpassing the US dollar, British pound, and euro. Here’s what makes the KWD so strong:

1. Oil-Rich Economy
   Kuwait’s economy is heavily centered on petroleum, with the oil sector contributing about 90% of government income. Unlike many oil-dependent countries, Kuwait effectively manages its oil wealth, leading to significant exports. The high global demand for oil boosts the value of the KWD, as more foreign currency is needed to purchase Kuwaiti oil.
2. Pegged Exchange Rate
   The KWD benefits from a regulated exchange rate, maintaining a stable value compared to free-floating currencies, which can be volatile. Instead of being tied to one currency, the KWD is linked to a basket of currencies, likely with significant weighting toward the US dollar. This controlled peg helps protect the dinar from fluctuations in global currency markets.
3. Small Population and High GDP per Capita
   Kuwait’s wealth distribution is enhanced by its small population, leading to a high GDP per capita. This situation ensures a robust financial system with fewer pressures on public resources, contributing to the strength of the KWD.
4. Government Reserves
   The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA), the country’s sovereign wealth fund, manages significant financial reserves derived from oil earnings. These reserves provide economic stability and a buffer against downturns, reinforcing the currency’s strength.
5. Foreign Reserves
   The Central Bank of Kuwait holds substantial foreign currency reserves, primarily in US dollars. These reserves enhance the KWD’s stability, allowing the government to defend the currency if necessary, thus strengthening its position in the global market.

In summary, the Kuwaiti dinar’s status as the world’s strongest currency is attributed to Kuwait’s oil wealth, stable economy, low inflation, and sound monetary policies

Many people experience bad dreams from time to time, which can be quite upsetting. Interestingly, what we eat before bed can sometimes contribute to these unsettling dreams. Here are five common foods that might be responsible for your restless nights:

1. Cheese
   Cheese is a delicious addition to many meals, but eating it before bed might not be ideal. It contains tyramine, which can increase brain activity, potentially leading to vivid dreams or nightmares. If you love cheese, consider enjoying it earlier in the day.
2. Chocolate
   Chocolate contains both caffeine and sugar. Caffeine is a stimulant that can disrupt sleep, while sugar can provide an energy boost when you’re trying to wind down. Dark chocolate, in particular, has higher caffeine levels, so it’s best to avoid it in the evening.
3. Spicy Foods
   Foods like hot sauce, chili, and spicy curries can raise your body temperature, leading to restless sleep. They may also cause indigestion or heartburn, making it hard to get comfortable. If you enjoy spicy dishes, try having them at lunchtime instead.
4. Ice Cream
   High in sugar and fat, ice cream can impact your sleep negatively. The sugar may energize you when you should be winding down, while the fat can be hard to digest. Consider opting for fruits if you’re craving something sweet at night.
5. Chips and Salty Snacks
   Crunchy snacks are tempting but often high in fat and salt. Eating them before bed can leave you feeling thirsty, potentially disrupting your sleep. The high-fat content can also make digestion challenging. Choose lighter snacks in the evening to promote better sleep.

Being mindful of what you eat in the hours leading up to bedtime can help improve your sleep quality and reduce bad dreams. If you’ve been experiencing restless nights, it might be worth reassessing your late-night snacks!

“I don’t mind introducing myself to people. I don’t assume everyone knows me,” Mai Atafo tells a room full of journalists after the screening of a documentary about his groundbreaking 2023 fashion show at the Eko Hotel.

This event was unprecedented in Nigeria, taking place in the main hall of the Eko Hotel, a venue typically reserved for concerts and award shows, accommodating up to 6,000 attendees.

Mai Atafo, born Ohimai Atafo, is the founder of Atafo, one of Nigeria’s premier fashion brands. He believes that the Nigerian fashion industry often lacks the respect it deserves. “People still think we’re just tailors; I still meet people who are upset that my shirt costs ₦250,000,” he says.

He emphasizes that creating a quality outfit involves much more than people realize, which is why imitations often fall short. “It’s about craftsmanship, creativity, and the stories we tell through fashion,” he adds, advocating for a deeper understanding and appreciation of the industry’s true value.

Dr. Joseph Okoeguale, Director of Viral and Emergent Pathogens at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, reported that Edo State has recorded 240 cases of Lassa fever and 21 deaths from December to March. This announcement was made during the First Edition of the College of Medical Sciences’ Lecture Series at Edo State University, Uzairue.

In his lecture titled “University Community Collaboration in Lassa Fever Research: Advancing Diagnostic Capacity and Vaccine Development in Nigeria,” Okoeguale highlighted the urgent need for research and development in response to this disease, which the WHO has classified as a priority.

Okoeguale noted, “In 2024, we recorded 240 positive cases, with more than 21 fatalities. This is quite alarming.” He emphasized that over 40% of these cases were reported from Etsako communities in Edo State.

He stressed that prevention and vaccination are crucial in combating the disease, which affects all age groups and both genders. “Lassa fever has persisted in causing mortality and remains undiagnosed in many cases,” he stated, underscoring the disease’s increasing incidence and geographical spread across Nigeria.

“The annual outbreak of Lassa fever places immense strain on our health system. To combat this, our response must focus on limiting mortality and reducing disease spread,” he added. Okoeguale reiterated the importance of vaccination as a vital tool for epidemic prevention.

The center is currently designing trials for new drugs and vaccines for Lassa fever and has established a state-of-the-art clinical trial and sequencing center. They have recently received approval from the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership (EDCTP) to conduct trials on new drugs.

In collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Georgetown University, and Nigeria’s Centre for Disease Control, they aim to improve clinical management of Lassa fever and other infectious diseases to reduce mortality and morbidity in Nigeria and the West African region.

Acting Vice Chancellor Prof. Dawood Egbefo emphasized that Lassa fever remains a significant public health challenge, affecting countless lives and straining healthcare systems. He noted that the lecture serves as a platform for dialogue and partnerships aimed at building robust frameworks for ongoing research and intervention.

Dr. Kenneth Atoe, Acting Provost of the College of Medical Sciences, highlighted the need for collaborative efforts to combat Lassa fever, given the institution’s location within an endemic zone. He stated, “This underscores the urgent need for innovation in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lassa fever and other infectious diseases.”

Being kind and considerate is admirable, but if it comes at the expense of your own well-being, it may indicate a tendency to people-please. This behavior often stems from a desire to be liked and avoid conflict, leading to burnout and a loss of personal identity. Here are seven signs you might be a people pleaser, along with tips to address these behaviors:

1. YOU ALWAYS SAY YES
   If you find yourself agreeing to everything, even when it’s overwhelming, you may be caught in a cycle of people-pleasing. Start practicing polite refusals, like saying, “I’d love to help, but I’m stretched thin right now.”
2. YOU AVOID CONFLICT
   Steering clear of disagreements, even when it’s important to assert yourself, is a common trait of people pleasers. Learning to address issues calmly can actually strengthen your relationships.
3. YOU NEED EVERYONE TO LIKE YOU
   Going out of your way to ensure everyone likes you, even those you don’t particularly care for, can be exhausting. It’s okay to accept that you can’t please everyone.
4. YOU RARELY ACCEPT PRAISE
   Struggling to accept compliments or downplaying your achievements is a sign you might be avoiding the spotlight. Practice accepting praise graciously—it’s a recognition of your hard work, not bragging.
5. YOU TAKE THE BLAME FOR OTHERS
   Taking responsibility for others’ mistakes to keep the peace can lead to resentment. It’s essential to address issues fairly rather than sacrificing your own integrity.
6. YOU CHANGE YOUR BEHAVIOUR AROUND OTHERS
   If you often adjust your behavior or opinions to fit in, you may be losing sight of your own identity. Stay true to yourself, regardless of who you’re with.
7. YOU FEEL OVERWHELMED BY GUILT WHEN SAYING NO
   An intense wave of guilt after declining a request is a hallmark of people-pleasing. Remember that setting boundaries is not selfish; it’s necessary for your well-being.

Recognizing these signs is the first step toward fostering healthier relationships and prioritizing your own needs.

While chicken eggs are a staple in many diets, there’s a world of other animal eggs that offer unique flavors and culinary experiences. Here are five fascinating types to consider:

1. QUAIL EGGS
   Smaller than chicken eggs, quail eggs boast a delicate taste and creamy texture. Rich in vitamins and minerals, they’re considered a delicacy in many cultures. Their petite size makes them perfect for elegant presentations, whether in salads or appetizers.
2. DUCK EGGS
   Larger and richer than chicken eggs, duck eggs are favored by bakers for their higher fat content, which results in fluffier and more flavorful baked goods. They can be boiled, fried, or used in omelets, and are a traditional part of many cuisines.
3. OSTRICH EGGS
   The largest of all bird eggs, an ostrich egg is equivalent to about 24 chicken eggs! With a mild flavor and substantial texture, they are perfect for giant omelets or quiches. Cracking one open can be a fun experience, making it ideal for gatherings.
4. PHEASANT EGGS
   Slightly larger than quail eggs, pheasant eggs have a rich, buttery flavor. They can be hard-boiled, scrambled, or poached, making them a luxurious addition to various dishes. Often enjoyed during special occasions, they symbolize indulgence in many cultures.
5. EMU EGGS
   Dark green and larger than duck eggs, emu eggs have a distinct and richer flavor. Used in baking and cooking, their hard shells are also popular for decorative crafts. Emus require less maintenance than other poultry, making their eggs a sustainable choice.

For adventurous eaters, trying these unusual eggs can open up a whole new world of flavors and textures!

When dating, it’s easy to lose sight of your individuality while trying to nurture a relationship. Here are five important reminders for women to maintain their independence until there’s a commitment:

1. PURPOSE YOUR CAREER AND EDUCATION
   Never sacrifice your career or educational goals for a relationship. If an opportunity arises—whether it’s studying abroad or a job in another city—take it. Someone who truly cares for you will support your aspirations, not hold you back.
2. AVOID MOVING IN TOGETHER
   Living with a partner before marriage can blur boundaries. While short visits are fine, don’t take on household responsibilities like cooking and cleaning for him. Remember, if you act like a wife without the commitment, he may not feel the urgency to marry.
3. DON’T SHARE YOUR SAVINGS
   While gifts are thoughtful, avoid giving him significant sums of money or using your life savings to fund his dreams. Ensure that your financial stability isn’t jeopardized, regardless of how persuasive his reasons might be.
4. MAINTAIN YOUR FRIENDSHIPS
   Your friends are essential to your well-being. Don’t let your relationship isolate you from your social circle. Make time for the people who care about you and support your growth outside of the relationship.
5. BE CAUTIOUS ABOUT PREGNANCY
   Avoid unprotected sex unless you’re committed to a long-term partnership. Don’t think of having a child as a way to solidify the relationship. Parenthood is a serious commitment that requires mutual dedication.

These reminders can help you keep your boundaries intact until you receive the commitment you deserve. Prioritizing yourself ensures that any relationship you enter is built on mutual respect and shared goals.

Today, we often associate certain fashion items with femininity, but historically, many were originally designed for men. Here are five such items that illustrate the fluidity of gender in fashion:

1. High Heels
   Surprisingly, high heels were initially created for men. In the 10th century, Persian soldiers wore them to secure their feet in stirrups for better balance while riding. By the 17th century, they became fashionable among European male aristocrats seeking to enhance their stature and presence.
2. Handbags
   The modern handbag evolved from men’s hand-held bags in the early 1900s. As designers adapted these bags for women, they added features like closures and compartments, leading to the handbags we know today. Over time, the women’s version became more popular, overshadowing its masculine origins.
3. Thongs
   Thongs have a long history, originally worn by men in various cultures. These garments, which reveal the buttocks while covering the front, can be traced back to ancient Africa, Egypt, Greece, and Japan. Their use has evolved, but they started as a practical garment for men.
4. Stockings
   Hosiery, including stockings and tights, was predominantly worn by men since the ninth century. Wealthy men often donned colorful or white stockings, while those of lower status typically wore black. This fashion item has transformed significantly over the centuries.
5. Menstrual Pads
   Disposable menstrual pads were invented by Benjamin Franklin, initially used to absorb blood from injured soldiers. Their convenience led to their adoption by nurses for menstrual use, demonstrating how practical inventions can shift into different societal roles.

These examples reveal that notions of masculinity and femininity in fashion are often shaped by changing social norms, highlighting the fluidity of gender expression throughout history.